The Effect of Short-Range Radiation of Type C and B Ultraviolet on the Mechanical Properties of Skin Fibroblasts

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

2 Science and Research Branch, Daneshgah Blvd, Simon Bulivar Blvd, Tehran

3 Department of basic sciences of rehabilitation, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Iran

Abstract

The effect of UV beam, which has been emitted from a natural or a manmade source on cells has been studied in previous studies for several times. Radiation of this beam can have different effects on DNA of the cell, cytotoxicity, the structure of cellular proteins and their mechanical properties based on radiation period or frequency. The effect of radiation of two types of beams, namely UVB and UVC on stiffness and deformation of the cell are studied in such studies based on different durations of radiation. Viscoelastic properties of skin fibroblast cells were measured using the magnetic tweezer method for a number of groups under UVC radiation with radiation durations of 38, 60 and 120 seconds and for a group under UVB radiation with radiation duration of 38 seconds, also for a control group. In addition, three and four-element discrete differential models were used for creep analysis. Cells deformation had a considerable change after radiation, while such deformation decreased as the frequency increased, however, no comment can be stated regarding radiation duration. Furthermore, cell stiffness reduced after radiation. Such decrease in cell stiffness after radiation could be due to the destruction of the biological macromolecules bonds. Furthermore, the extent of cell deformation was much lower in the radiation groups in comparison to the control group.

Keywords

[1] Paul, W., and P. Sharma, C., 2015, Advances in Wound Healing Materials: Science and Skin Engineering.
[2] Lai-Cheong, J. E., and McGrath, J. A., 2017, "Structure and function of skin, hair and nails," Medicine, 45(6), pp. 347-351.
[3] Gallo, R. L., 2017, "Human Skin Is the Largest Epithelial Surface for Interaction with Microbes," J Invest Dermatol, 137(6), pp. 1213-1214.
[4] Farage, M. A., Miller, K. W., and Maibach, H. I., 2009, Textbook of aging skin, Springer Science & Business Media.
[5] Panich, U., Sittithumcharee, G., Rathviboon, N., and Jirawatnotai, S., 2016, "Ultraviolet Radiation-Induced Skin Aging: The Role of DNA Damage and Oxidative Stress in Epidermal Stem Cell Damage Mediated Skin Aging," Stem Cells Int, 2016, p. 7370642.
[6] D'Orazio, J., Jarrett, S., Amaro-Ortiz, A., and Scott, T., 2013, "UV radiation and the skin," Int J Mol Sci, 14(6), pp. 12222-12248.
[7] Watson, M., Holman, D. M., and Maguire-Eisen, M., 2016, "Ultraviolet Radiation Exposure and Its Impact on Skin Cancer Risk," Semin Oncol Nurs, 32(3), pp. 241-254.
[8] Svobodová, A., Psotová, J., and Walterová, D., 2003, "Natural phenolics in the prevention of UV-induced skin damage. A review," Biomedical Papers, 147(2), pp. 137-145.
[9] Martens, M. C., Seebode, C., Lehmann, J., and Emmert, S., 2018, "Photocarcinogenesis and Skin Cancer Prevention Strategies: An Update," Anticancer Res, 38(2), pp. 1153-1158.
[10] Krutmann, J., Bouloc, A., Sore, G., Bernard, B. A., and Passeron, T., 2017, "The skin aging exposome," J Dermatol Sci, 85(3), pp. 152-161.
[11] Gandhi, S. A., and Kampp, J., 2015, "Skin Cancer Epidemiology, Detection, and Management," Med Clin North Am, 99(6), pp. 1323-1335.
[12] Dakup, P., and Gaddameedhi, S., 2017, "Impact of the Circadian Clock on UV-Induced DNA Damage Response and Photocarcinogenesis," Photochem Photobiol, 93(1), pp. 296-303.
[13] Vileno, B., Lekka, M., Sienkiewicz, A., Jeney, S., Stoessel, G., Lekki, J., Forro, L., and Stachura, Z., 2007, "Stiffness alterations of single cells induced by UV in the presence of nanoTiO2," Environ Sci Technol, 41(14), pp. 5149-5153.
[14] Dupont, E., Gomez, J., and Bilodeau, D., 2013, "Beyond UV radiation: a skin under challenge," Int J Cosmet Sci, 35(3), pp. 224-232.
[15] Cadet, J., and Douki, T., 2018, "Formation of UV-induced DNA damage contributing to skin cancer development," Photochem Photobiol Sci, 17(12), pp. 1816-1841.
[16] Bennet, D., and Kim, S., 2015, "Evaluation of UV radiation-induced toxicity and biophysical changes in various skin cells with photo-shielding molecules," Analyst, 140(18), pp. 6343-6353.
[17] Querleux, B., 2016, Computational Biophysics of the Skin, Jenny Stanford Publishing.
[18] Weihermann, A. C., Lorencini, M., Brohem, C. A., and de Carvalho, C. M., 2017, "Elastin structure and its involvement in skin photoageing," Int J Cosmet Sci, 39(3), pp. 241-247.
[19] Watson, R. E., Gibbs, N. K., Griffiths, C. E., and Sherratt, M. J., 2014, "Damage to skin extracellular matrix induced by UV exposure," Antioxid Redox Signal, 21(7), pp. 1063-1077.
[20] Nishimori, Y., Edwards, C., Pearse, A., Matsumoto, K., Kawai, M., and Marks, R., 2001, "Degenerative alterations of dermal collagen fiber bundles in photodamaged human skin and UV-irradiated hairless mouse skin: possible effect on decreasing skin mechanical properties and appearance of wrinkles," J Invest Dermatol, 117(6), pp. 1458-1463.
[21] Takema, Y., and Imokawa, G., 1998, "The effects of UVA and UVB irradiation on the viscoelastic properties of hairless mouse skin in vivo," Dermatology, 196(4), pp. 397-400.
[22] Biniek, K., Levi, K., and Dauskardt, R. H., 2012, "Solar UV radiation reduces the barrier function of human skin," Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 109(42), pp. 17111-17116.
[23] Lekka, M., Pogoda, K., Gostek, J., Klymenko, O., Prauzner-Bechcicki, S., Wiltowska-Zuber, J., Jaczewska, J., Lekki, J., and Stachura, Z., 2012, "Cancer cell recognition--mechanical phenotype," Micron, 43(12), pp. 1259-1266.
[24] Efremov, Y. M., Wang, W. H., Hardy, S. D., Geahlen, R. L., and Raman, A., 2017, "Measuring nanoscale viscoelastic parameters of cells directly from AFM force-displacement curves," Sci Rep, 7(1), p. 1541.
[25] Weaver, D. S., 2000, "Skeletal tissue mechanics," American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 112(3), pp. 435-436.
[26] Zheng, Y., Nguyen, J., Wei, Y., and Sun, Y., 2013, "Recent advances in microfluidic techniques for single-cell biophysical characterization," Lab Chip, 13(13), pp. 2464-2483.
[27] Lee, G. Y., and Lim, C. T., 2007, "Biomechanics approaches to studying human diseases," Trends Biotechnol, 25(3), pp. 111-118.
[28] Suresh, S., Spatz, J., Mills, J. P., Micoulet, A., Dao, M., Lim, C. T., Beil, M., and Seufferlein, T., 2015, "Reprint of: Connections between single-cell biomechanics and human disease states: gastrointestinal cancer and malaria," Acta Biomater, 23 Suppl, pp. S3-15.
[29] Hayot, C. M., Forouzesh, E., Goel, A., Avramova, Z., and Turner, J. A., 2012, "Viscoelastic properties of cell walls of single living plant cells determined by dynamic nanoindentation," J Exp Bot, 63(7), pp. 2525-2540.
[30] Hecht, F. M., Rheinlaender, J., Schierbaum, N., Goldmann, W. H., Fabry, B., and Schaffer, T. E., 2015, "Imaging viscoelastic properties of live cells by AFM: power-law rheology on the nanoscale," Soft Matter, 11(23), pp. 4584-4591.
[31] Kollmannsberger, P., and Fabry, B., 2007, "High-force magnetic tweezers with force feedback for biological applications," Rev Sci Instrum, 78(11), p. 114301.
[32] Wang, Y.-l., and Discher, D. E., 2007, Cell mechanics, Academic press.
[33] Parvanehpour, N., Shojaei, S., Khorramymehr, S., Goodarzi, V., Hejazi, F., and Rezaei, V. F., 2018, "Diabetes can change the viscoelastic properties of lymphocytes," Prog Biomater, 7(3), pp. 219-224.
[34] Heydarian, A., Khorramymehr, S., and Vasaghi-Gharamaleki, B., 2019, "Short-term effects of X-ray on viscoelastic properties of epithelial cells," Proc Inst Mech Eng H, 233(5), pp. 535-543.
[35] Rekik, A., Nguyen, T. T. N., and Gasser, A., 2016, "Multi-level modeling of viscoelastic microcracked masonry," International Journal of Solids and Structures, 81, pp. 63-83.
[36] Lim, C. T., Zhou, E. H., and Quek, S. T., 2006, "Mechanical models for living cells--a review," J Biomech, 39(2), pp. 195-216.
[37] Saunders, D. W., 1978, "Creep and relaxation of nonlinear viscoelastic materials," Polymer, 19(1), p. 118.
[38] Lundström, R., 1984, "Local vibrations—Mechanical impedance of the human hand's glabrous skin," Journal of Biomechanics, 17(2), pp. 137-144.
[39] Lee, C. H., Wu, S. B., Hong, C. H., Yu, H. S., and Wei, Y. H., 2013, "Molecular Mechanisms of UV-Induced Apoptosis and Its Effects on Skin Residential Cells: The Implication in UV-Based Phototherapy," Int J Mol Sci, 14(3), pp. 6414-6435.
[40] Gentile, M., Latonen, L., and Laiho, M., 2003, "Cell cycle arrest and apoptosis provoked by UV radiation-induced DNA damage are transcriptionally highly divergent responses," Nucleic Acids Res, 31(16), pp. 4779-4790.
[41] Salucci, S., Burattini, S., Battistelli, M., Baldassarri, V., Maltarello, M. C., and Falcieri, E., 2012, "Ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation-induced apoptosis in various cell lineages in vitro," Int J Mol Sci, 14(1), pp. 532-546.
[42] Pustišek, N., and Šitum, M., 2011, "UV-radiation, apoptosis and skin," Collegium antropologicum, 35(2), pp. 339-341.
[43] Kulms, D., Dussmann, H., Poppelmann, B., Stander, S., Schwarz, A., and Schwarz, T., 2002, "Apoptosis induced by disruption of the actin cytoskeleton is mediated via activation of CD95 (Fas/APO-1)," Cell Death Differ, 9(6), pp. 598-608.
[44] Povea-Cabello, S., Oropesa-Avila, M., de la Cruz-Ojeda, P., Villanueva-Paz, M., de la Mata, M., Suarez-Rivero, J. M., Alvarez-Cordoba, M., Villalon-Garcia, I., Cotan, D., Ybot-Gonzalez, P., and Sanchez-Alcazar, J. A., 2017, "Dynamic Reorganization of the Cytoskeleton during Apoptosis: The Two Coffins Hypothesis," Int J Mol Sci, 18(11).
[45] Mills, J. C., Stone, N. L., and Pittman, R. N., 1999, "Extranuclear apoptosis. The role of the cytoplasm in the execution phase," J Cell Biol, 146(4), pp. 703-708.
[46] Phillip, J. M., Aifuwa, I., Walston, J., and Wirtz, D., 2015, "The Mechanobiology of Aging," Annu Rev Biomed Eng, 17, pp. 113-141.
[47] Fletcher, D. A., and Mullins, R. D., 2010, "Cell mechanics and the cytoskeleton," Nature, 463(7280), pp. 485-492.
[48] Schillers, H., Walte, M., Urbanova, K., and Oberleithner, H., 2010, "Real-time monitoring of cell elasticity reveals oscillating myosin activity," Biophys J, 99(11), pp. 3639-3646.
[49] Bai, G., Li, Y., Chu, H. K., Wang, K., Tan, Q., Xiong, J., and Sun, D., 2017, "Characterization of biomechanical properties of cells through dielectrophoresis-based cell stretching and actin cytoskeleton modeling," Biomed Eng Online, 16(1), p. 41.
[50] Wang, X., Liu, H., Zhu, M., Cao, C., Xu, Z., Tsatskis, Y., Lau, K., Kuok, C., Filleter, T., McNeill, H., Simmons, C. A., Hopyan, S., and Sun, Y., 2018, "Mechanical stability of the cell nucleus - roles played by the cytoskeleton in nuclear deformation and strain recovery," J Cell Sci, 131(13).
[51] Kletter, Y., Riklis, I., Shalit, I., and Fabian, I., 1991, "Enhanced repopulation of murine hematopoietic organs in sublethally irradiated mice after treatment with ciprofloxacin," Blood, 78(7), pp. 1685-1691.
[52] Janmey, P. A., 1991, "Mechanical properties of cytoskeletal polymers," Current Opinion in Cell Biology, 3(1), pp. 4-11.
[53] Lele, T. P., Dickinson, R. B., and Gundersen, G. G., 2018, "Mechanical principles of nuclear shaping and positioning," J Cell Biol, 217(10), pp. 3330-3342.
[54] Dogterom, M., and Koenderink, G. H., 2019, "Actin-microtubule crosstalk in cell biology," Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol, 20(1), pp. 38-54.
[55] Emri, G., Paragh, G., Tosaki, A., Janka, E., Kollar, S., Hegedus, C., Gellen, E., Horkay, I., Koncz, G., and Remenyik, E., 2018, "Ultraviolet radiation-mediated development of cutaneous melanoma: An update," J Photochem Photobiol B, 185, pp. 169-175.
[56] McDaniel, D., Farris, P., and Valacchi, G., 2018, "Atmospheric skin aging-Contributors and inhibitors," J Cosmet Dermatol, 17(2), pp. 124-137.
[57] Azzouz, D., Khan, M. A., Sweezey, N., and Palaniyar, N., 2018, "Two-in-one: UV radiation simultaneously induces apoptosis and NETosis," Cell Death Discov, 4, p. 51.
[58] Schmid, I., 2012, Flow Cytometry: Recent Perspectives, BoD–Books on Demand.
[59] Shi, K., Gao, Z., Shi, T. Q., Song, P., Ren, L. J., Huang, H., and Ji, X. J., 2017, "Reactive Oxygen Species-Mediated Cellular Stress Response and Lipid Accumulation in Oleaginous Microorganisms: The State of the Art and Future Perspectives," Front Microbiol, 8, p. 793.
[60] De Jager, T. L., Cockrell, A. E., and Du Plessis, S. S., 2017, "Ultraviolet Light Induced Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species," Adv Exp Med Biol, 996, pp. 15-23.
[61] Almeida-Marrero, V., van de Winckel, E., Anaya-Plaza, E., Torres, T., and de la Escosura, A., 2018, "Porphyrinoid biohybrid materials as an emerging toolbox for biomedical light management," Chemical Society Reviews, 47(19), pp. 7369-7400.
[62] Hale, J. P., Winlove, C. P., and Petrov, P. G., 2011, "Effect of hydroperoxides on red blood cell membrane mechanical properties," Biophys J, 101(8), pp. 1921-1929.
[63] Suarez-Huerta, N., Mosselmans, R., Dumont, J. E., and Robaye, B., 2000, "Actin depolymerization and polymerization are required during apoptosis in endothelial cells," Journal of Cellular Physiology, 184(2), pp. 239-245.
[64] Grzanka, D., Domaniewski, J., Grzanka, A., and Zuryn, A., 2006, "Ultraviolet radiation (UV) induces reorganization of actin cytoskeleton in CHOAA8 cells," Neoplasma, 53(4), pp. 328-332.
Volume 50, Issue 2
December 2019
Pages 366-374
  • Receive Date: 22 November 2018
  • Revise Date: 03 September 2019
  • Accept Date: 29 September 2019